When we touch a pith ball with an electrified plastic rod, some of the negative charges on the rod are transferred to the pith ball and it also gets charged. Thus the pith ball is charged by contact. It is then repelled by the plastic rod but is attracted by a glass rod which is oppositely charged. However, why a electrified rod attracts light objects, is a question we have still left unanswered. Let us try to understand what could be happening by performing the following experiment.
(i) Bring two metal spheres, A and B, supported on insulating stands, in contact as shown in Fig. 1(a).
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| Fig.1 |
(ii) Bring a positively charged rod near one of the spheres, say A, taking care that it does not touch the sphere. The free electrons in the spheres are attracted towards the rod. This leaves an excess of positive charge on the rear surface of sphere B. Both kinds of charges are bound in the metal spheres and cannot escape. They, therefore, reside on the surfaces, as shown in Fig. 1(b). The left surface of sphere A, has an excess of negative charge and the right surface of sphere B, has an excess of positive charge. However, not all of the electrons in the spheres have accumulated on the left surface of A. As the negative charge starts building up at the left surface of A, other electrons are repelled by these. In a short time, equilibrium is reached under the action of force of attraction of the rod and the force of repulsion due to the accumulated charges. Fig. 1(b) shows the equilibrium situation. The process is called induction of charge and happens almost instantly. The accumulated charges remain on the surface, as shown, till the glass rod is held near the sphere. If the rod is removed, the charges are not acted by any outside force and they redistribute to their original neutral state.
(iii) Separate the spheres by a small distance while the glass rod is still held near sphere A, as shown in Fig. 1(c). The two spheres are found to be oppositely charged and attract each other.
(iv) Remove the rod. The charges on spheres rearrange themselves as shown in Fig.1 (d). Now, separate the spheres quite apart. The charges on them get uniformly distributed over them, as shown in Fig. 1(e).
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| Fig.1 |
In this process, the metal spheres will each be equal and oppositely charged. This is charging by induction. The positively charged glass rod does not lose any of its charge, contrary to the process of charging by contact.
When electrified rods are brought near light objects, a similar effect takes place. The rods induce opposite charges on the near surfaces of the objects and similar charges move to the farther side of the object.
The centres of the two types of charges are slightly separated. We know that opposite charges attract while similar charges repel. However, the magnitude of force depends on the distance between the charges and in this case the force of attraction overweighs the force of repulsion. As a result the particles like bits of paper or pith balls, being light, are pulled towards the rods.
Example 1
How can you charge a metal sphere positively without touching it?
Solution Figure 2(a) shows an uncharged metallic sphere on an insulating metal stand. Bring a negatively charged rod close to the metallic sphere, as shown in Fig.2(b). As the rod is brought close to the sphere, the free electrons in the sphere move away due to repulsion and start piling up at the farther end. The near end becomes positively charged due to deficit of electrons. This process of charge distribution stops when the net force on the free electrons inside the metal is zero. Connect the sphere to the ground by a conducting wire. The electrons will flow to the ground while the positive charges at the near end will remain held there due to the attractive force of the negative charges on the rod, as shown in Fig. 2(c). Disconnect the sphere from the ground. The positive charge continues to be held at the near end [Fig. 2(d)]. Remove the electrified rod. The positive charge will spread uniformly over the sphere as shown in Fig. 3(e).
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| Fig.2 |
Charging of Electroscope by Induction
An electroscope is an instrument that is used to detect the presence and magnitude of electric charges on a body. An electroscope is commonly used by physics teachers to demonstrate the electrostatic principles of charging and charge interactions.
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| Fig 3: The gold leaf electroscope |
Charging an electroscope by induction is a process by which an object is given an electric charge without direct contact with a charged body. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how this process works:
Steps for Charging by Induction
Bring a Charged Object Close to the Electroscope:
- A charged object (positive or negative) is brought near the cap or top of a neutral electroscope without touching it.
- The presence of this charged object causes the free electrons within the electroscope to rearrange:
- If the object is positively charged, electrons in the electroscope are attracted toward the top.
- If the object is negatively charged, electrons are repelled to the lower parts of the electroscope.
Polarization of the Electroscope:
- This rearrangement of charges causes the electroscope to become polarized.
- The side closer to the charged object has an opposite charge, while the farther side develops a charge similar to that of the charged object.
Ground the Electroscope:
- While the charged object is still nearby, touch the electroscope with a conductor (e.g., your finger or a grounding wire).
- This allows some electrons to either enter or leave the electroscope, depending on the nature of the charged object:
- If the charged object is positive, electrons move into the electroscope from the ground.
- If the charged object is negative, electrons move out of the electroscope to the ground.
Remove the Grounding Connection:
- Detach the grounding connection while keeping the charged object near the electroscope.
- This prevents the loss or gain of additional electrons, leaving the electroscope with a net charge opposite to that of the charged object.
Remove the Charged Object:
- When the charged object is taken away, the charge in the electroscope redistributes uniformly, leaving the electroscope permanently charged.
Key Points
- Induction vs. Conduction: Unlike charging by conduction, induction does not involve direct contact between the electroscope and the charged object.
- Permanent Charge: The electroscope retains a charge even after the charged object is removed.
- Polarity of the Charge: The final charge on the electroscope is always opposite to the charge of the inducing object.
Example 2 Observation
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| Fig.4 |
If a negatively charged rod is used for induction:
- The leaves of the electroscope initially diverge due to polarization.
- After grounding and removing the rod, the leaves will remain diverged because the electroscope now holds a permanent positive charge.
This method demonstrates the separation and transfer of charges without direct physical contact, highlighting the principles of electrostatics.
The application of inductive charging can be divided into high power and low power categories. The low-power applications generally include handheld devices, phones, computers and other devices which charge at power levels below 100 watts. High power inductive charging applications include charging batteries of power levels above 1 kilowatt. The most prominent application is the charging of electric vehicles where automated and wireless inductive charging is provided as an alternative to plug-in charging.
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